When using fixed assets, the accountant must calculate depreciation. It is the process by which the value of assets is transferred to the manufactured product. Depreciation deductions must be made monthly. This process can be calculated in different ways.
Linear depreciation method
Depreciation is calculated based on the initial cost of the asset and the depreciation rate, which is determined depending on the useful life of the asset.
Let's say you purchased a machine worth 100,000 rubles. The useful life is 5 years. In this case, the depreciation rate is 100% / 5 years = 20%. The annual deduction amount will be equal to 100 thousand rubles * 20% = 20 thousand rubles.
Reducing balance method
Depreciation is determined based on the residual value of the property at the beginning of the year and the depreciation rate, which is calculated depending on the useful life and a special coefficient (not higher than 3). The size of the ratio must be approved by the head in the accounting policy.
Let's say you purchased equipment worth 200,000 rubles. The useful life is 5 years. The acceleration factor is 2. The annual depreciation rate is 20%, and taking into account the established factor - 40%. Thus, the depreciation charge will be calculated as follows:
- 1 year:
200 thousand rubles * 40% = 80 thousand rubles;
- 2 years:
(200 thousand rubles - 80 thousand rubles) * 40% = 48 thousand rubles;
- 3 year:
(120 thousand rubles - 48 thousand rubles) * 40% = 28.8 thousand rubles;
- 4 year:
(72 thousand rubles - 28, 8 thousand rubles) * 40% = 17, 28 thousand rubles;
- 5 year:
(43, 2 thousand rubles - 17, 28 thousand rubles) * 40% = 10, 368 thousand rubles.
Method of writing off the value of an asset by its useful life
Depreciation of fixed assets is calculated based on the initial cost and the annual ratio of the number of years of useful life. In the numerator, you must enter the number of years remaining until the end of the useful life. And the denominator is the total number of years.
Let's say you purchased a sawmill that costs 150,000 rubles. The useful life is 5 years. Thus, the sum of the numbers of years of useful life is 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15. Depreciation is calculated as follows:
- 1 year (KGS 5/15):
150 thousand rubles * 5/15 = 50 thousand rubles;
- 2 years (KGS 4/15):
150 thousand rubles * 4/15 = 40 thousand rubles;
- 3 years (KGS 3/15):
150 thousand rubles * 3/15 = 30 thousand rubles;
- 4 years (KGS 2/15):
150 thousand rubles * 2/15 = 20 thousand rubles;
- 5 years (KGS 1/15):
150 thousand rubles * 1/15 = 10 thousand rubles.
In accounting, depreciation should be reflected as follows:
D20, 23, 26 K02 - depreciation of fixed assets was charged
D02 K01 - the depreciation amount was written off.
