The Far North is a territory that exceeds several European states. It is characterized by extreme climatic conditions, a quarter of all foreign exchange earnings in the state budget of Russia comes from this region. It produces 20% of the world and 90% of Russian gas and oil annually.
Oil and gas
Oil is a mineral, which is an oily liquid. It is a flammable substance, often black in color, although the colors of the oil vary from area to area. It can be brown, cherry, green, yellow, and even transparent. From a chemical point of view, oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with an admixture of various compounds, for example, sulfur, nitrogen and others. Its smell can also be different, since it depends on the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds in its composition.
From a chemical point of view, conventional (conventional) oil consists of the following elements:
- Carbon - 84%
- Hydrogen - 14%
- Sulfur - 1-3% (in the form of sulfides, disulfides, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur as such)
- Nitrogen - less than 1%
- Oxygen - less than 1%
- Metals - less than 1% (iron, nickel, vanadium, copper, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, etc.)
- Salts - less than 1% (calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, etc.
Natural gas is a certain state of matter in which there is no significant interaction between the particles that make up its composition. The constituent particles are characterized by chaotic movement, the desire to fill the existing space. Natural gas is formed as a result of chemical processes in the bowels of the earth. Existing natural gases are difficult to classify due to differences in the structure of the molecular lattice.
Natural gas is a mixture of gases formed in the bowels of the Earth during the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. Natural gas is classified as a mineral.
Natural gas is a naturally occurring, flammable gaseous mixture of hydrocarbons that is trapped in sediment during geological transformations.
How they search for oil and gas in the north
The Far North can make a considerable contribution to the solution of the energy problems of mankind, which forms the unprecedented interest of the world community in the polar region. The situation is complicated by the fact that a significant part of the Arctic reserves are difficult to recover and require combined international efforts and active investment in the energy sector. In addition, in the conditions of imperfection of the Arctic legislation, a number of territories of the shelf zone of the Arctic Ocean are the subject of a dispute between the subarctic states, each of which seeks to realize its own interests, as far as possible confirming its rights through the use of materials from geological and geophysical research.
- Cluster drilling. It is very convenient to pump all the oil from one place.
- Derrick. She drills deep into the ground, and then sideways to get to the oil reservoir.
- A drill string is lowered into the well, the pipes of which ("candles") are wound one on top of the other.
- The drilling mud consists of water, clay powder and polymers. It is needed for lubrication, rock removal and cooling.
- It is pumped into the well and pumped back, together with the rock, filtered, and run back.
- Water is taken from the well, heated to 60 degrees (so that the oil is less viscous) and pumped back.
